Print and Web. And it is not just a matter of pollution… Romantic comedy was a popular and much-preferred type in Elizabethan theatre, and all the trappings of such are present in The Merchant of Venice. The 25 were reduced by lot to 9 The debate was opened when from outside the Palace a burst of musket shots was heard: a contingent of mercenaries was preparing to leave and that was their salute to the Republic. In our own way, we are organized. As a result, the temporary character of those early migrations changed to become permanent, their intrusion causing the alteration of the social structure described by Cassiodorus. The lagoon area is described, the natives’ homes dispersed across the surface of the water, boats tied up at the doors. A plaque dating from the 16th C reads: Coffee houses multiplied. “Beware of Messer Francesco Foscari” came the warning of the doge Mocenigo “He is a vainglorious braggart… If he becomes doge” – read his speech – “you will find yourselves constantly at war; you’ll fail even to keep your long-johns and will become the slaves of your men at arms and their captains”. Evidence of this comes from what can be considered the very first written document regarding the history of the lagoon: an inscription contained in the Cathedral of Torcello. The first bathing establishment on the Lido was opened in 1857. 1533-1603 was how long she was alize The Elizabethan time period covered the years of the reign of Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch, and daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. A journey into one of the world’s oldest Jewish ghettos, where this year a long, rich history is commemorated. [24] [13] Sometimes, performance styles are associated with periods in history (and hence, theatre history) and Elizabethan theatre (or Elizabethan drama) is one of these examples. © Copyright 2017, Power Text Solutions, All 5 pages, 2197 words. The Senate checked them for a while by supporting their opponents and finally took the extreme step of allying with the ruler of Milan, the dangerous Gian Galeazzo Visconti. The modern Bank in Campo Manin The building of the Cassa di Risparmio in Campo Manin is an example of modern architecture in the city clashing with the context in which it is inserted. However, the Venetians were soon to compensate their losses with the acquisition of Cyprus. Research numerous resources on the world history topics! Painters in Eighteenth-Century Venice La Serenissima, the “most serene” maritime republic of Venice, was among the great trading powers of medieval and Renaissance Europe and, by the late twelfth century, a major economic force on the Italian peninsula. The presence of the caranto as a sedimentary rock, deep into the subsoil of the lagoon, is significant evidence that at one stage there was no water in this area. 6 feet) while landforms had sunk approx. Elizabeth was never married nor had had any children therefore since she had beheaded her cousin Mary, Mary's son James became her nearest relative. It is difficult to know whether it was Shakespeare’s intent to make his character Shylock in The Merchant of Venice a sympathetic character or a Jewish villain to satisfy an anti-Semitic audience. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. This “divine providence” was actually the Byzantine fleet…Anyway, legends and myths aside, the outcome of this struggle marked the turning point for the history of Venice. Jeckyll and Mr. Hide” (Rouben Mamoulian) represented he Us and “Faithful Heart” (Victor Saville) the Uk. even today they have to be marked by bricole. From the 16th century onward, the Venetians invested heavily in the purchase, reclamation, and drainage of terraferma lands. They exploited the event to manipulate history and made up the story that the pope had expressed his gratitude by giving to them a sword and a golden ring s a symbolic token of Venetian authority on the Adriatic Sea. In addition to their mystical properties, they were symbols of the wealth and power of the State… Politics and religion were arm in arm. In Mobile Carnival Theatre Company’s reimagining of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice, director Brent Murrill, like Dartmouth theater director Peter Hackett, reimagined Shakespeare’s traditional setting in a more contemporary fixture. [18] First it forces the water of the Adriatic sea through the three port-mouths and then its constant blowing prevents the water from flowing back out again. [20] Bullfights instead took place in the campi (the squares of Venice). In 1379 the city of Venice came near to being taken by assault. And this event marked the beginning of one of the most remarkable and daring engineering enterprises. 03760380273 - Reg. Via Smirne 11 di Trevisan Cinzia & C. Their version goes in fact that the defeat of the Franks was the result of their military ability. Eight years later Napoleon took Venice back, having meanwhile defeated Austria. Jews in 16th-century England practised their religion secretly, and many of those raised in the Jewish faith either converted to Christianity or pretended to have done so. After the War of Chioggia and with Genoa out of the way, Venice felt restored in power and prosperity. Torcello is a kind of open air-museum. Most of this populace belongs to the ancient Venetian royal families who ruled the Venice over several centuries. In 1700 the city counted 17 theatres. Statue of Bartolomeo Colleoni by Verrocchio in Campo San Giovanni e Paolo For warfare of that kind, Venice relied on mercenary captains. The decline of the Byzantine Empire was to provide the Venetians with more opportunities to expand their traffics. In 1805 he added it to his Kingdom of Italy. While Jews did not settle in Venice until the 13th century, many Jewish merchants and moneylenders visited and worked in the city beginning with the 10thcentury. [1] As the theatre grew more popular, especially after the rise of William Shakespeare, theatre music was given more exposure and helped develop the popularity of music, in turn the effect that music had on the popularity of theatre is also evidence of the importance of music in this period as it suggests that the support of music could help dictate the popularity of various activities. The Merchant of Venice is a 16th-century play by William Shakespeare in which a merchant in Venice must default on a large loan provided by a Jewish moneylender. The trial scene in The Merchant of Venice, I believe, distinctly mirrors one of Plato’s earlier dialogues, Crito, in regards to initial plotline, character relationships, and the puzzle of civic ethics raised. The Venetian school of the 16th centuryincludes Giorgione, Titian, Veronese and Tintoretto; two centuries later Venice is home to Tiepolo, Canaletto and Guardi. “Claques” organized to boo or cheer were recruited particularly among the gondoliers who were rewarded with free admission. Moreover, in 555 the Emperor Justinian the Great completed the re-conquest of Italy and these lagoons were re-placed under Byzantine jurisdiction. [7], Theater historians tell us that the first Shylock probably wore a shaggy red wig and a hooked nose like the one sported by Judas in the mystery plays.² In early modern Venice, the signory insisted that. [9], In The Merchant of Venice, he became an opportunist who sought his chance to exact revenge upon Christians who had wronged him in the past. [18] —–. – before the rigours of Lenten fast. Napoleon plundered Venice systematically. The saint, in fact, had been officially recognized as the preacher who converted the people of the lagoons to Christianity and founded the patriarchate of Aquileia (the most important religious authority in Italy after the Pope). During the Elizabethan period, the concept of a Jew was based on rumour and the occasional public performance, for example Christopher Marlow’s infamous play "The Jew of Malta" in which a greedy stage Jew tries to poison, murder and generally pose a threat to the Gentile population. Few centuries later the section of solid land had expanded. In 809 Pepin, the son of Charlemagne, attacked the lagoons. The Elizabethan period happened in England during Queen Elizabeth1's rule from 1558 to 1603. [12] The Venetians then evolved the first system of constitutional monarchy and they spared no pains to make sure that the head of state was kept strictly within his constitutional limits. [21] Through parallel discussions of Henry VI, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Merchant of Venice, Levin and Watkins argue that Shakespeare's centrality to English national consciousness is inseparable from his creation of the foreign as a category asserting dangerous affinities between England's internal minorities and its competitors within an increasingly fraught European mercantile system. [19] The doge Ludovico Manin summoned the members of the Maggior Consiglio and proposed to accept Napoleon’s demands for this seemed the only way to “preserve unharmed the Religion, Life and Property of all these most beloved inhabitants”: he was asking for some sort of a political suicide for the interest of the state a principle which prevailed in the decisions of the ruling class until the very end. Is Portia the hero of The Merchant of Venice? Many of these earlier refugees in fact returned to their devastated homes once the immediate danger was over. Bassanio and Gratiano leave for Venice, with money from Portia, to save Antonio's life by offering the money to Shylock. A city which deserves and demands respect from all of us. Torcello became important in 638, when the bishop of Altinum moved there his mainland congregation and founded the Cathedral of S. Maria Assunta. By now, the Italian powers were in fact suspicious that Venice may upset the balance of power and dominate the whole peninsula. In sixteenth-century Venice, there were blacks, there were Muslims, and there were also variations of many other skin colors and faiths in the city. The great event in the domain of sacred music in early 16th century Venice was the election, in 1527, with the support of the Doge Andrea Gritti, of Willaert as maestro di cappella of St. Mark's. The Doge even sailed out in his state barge to greet her. The new course transpires in the works of art produced throughout the century. [11] The Phoenix, in fact, was a mythological bird reputed to rise from its own ashes. Students today should be familiar with minimal use of props from high school or university theatre classes and plays, so prop acquisition or construction with a modern Elizabethan play is easy. (It was a protection from enemies..). [15], The period in history known as the Elizabethan Era was called thatbecause Queen Elizabeth I was the ruler of the English Empire. Julie Hankey, in the essay Victorian Portias: Shakespeare’s Borderline Heroine, reviews how the reception and subsequent performance of Portia evolved through the Victorian era from a disparaged, under appreciated woman to a valued and celebrated character. Carnival was a pagan ritual marking the end of the old year on winter solstice, the shortest day of the year. The Elizabethan period came first, and was only in England, because Queen Elizabeth was the queen of England. And as you probably know, the Fenice was again gutted by a fire in January 1996 and was recently rebuilt. In 1000 AD he smashed the Narentan pirates – who were threatening Venetian trade-routes – and established Venetian control over Zara, thus marking the beginning of the expansion over the Adriatic. [27], Historically, Elizabethan theatre refers to plays performed in England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603). After the first World War, the most significant manifestation of the rise of the borgeois was the development of the Venetian Lido. The sentiments about Jews in The Merchant of Venice might make us uncomfortable, but the play is a product of its time. The concessions they had been granted by Byzantine emperors became a source of friction. Yet the Venetians realized that the Visconti could now become the real threat… luckily their concern didn’t last long for Gian Galeazzo was carried off by a plague and Venice could take advantage of the vacancy in the Milanese state and gain control on vast portions of territories. The lagoon waters are very shallow and navigable channels were known only to the natives…. [14] [26] And what about the banquets celebrated in some convents, with the nuns at the grill sipping drinks with the aid of straws passed through the bars? In 1453, in fact, Constantinople fell in the hands of the Turks. The peak of the Renaissance occurred towards the end of the 15th century, a time when numerous foreign invasions began in Italy. A little perspective should be put into place and it is only with a critical modern eye that we can put Shylock's character into perspective too. Merchant of venice; Shylock character Study - 1288 words | Study Guides and Book Summaries, What was the reputation of Venice in the Elizabethan period, Shakespeare's Foreign Worlds: National and Transnational Identities in the Elizabethan Age on JSTOR, the merchant of venice | Exploratory Shakespeare, A Romantic Comedy -- Utah Shakespeare Festival, Elizabethan Theatre Conventions | The Drama Teacher, Venice during the Elizabethan period by carla lugo on Prezi, How does Shakespear represent the Character Shylock in the Merchant of Venice | Art Essay, The Merchant of Venice | My Jewish Learning, Music in Elizabethan England and St Marks Cathedral in Venice - GetMyEssay.com, Women in "The Merchant of Venice" Essay - 460 Words | Bartleby, Merchant of Venice About Shakespearean Theater | GradeSaver, Antisemitism in Shakespeare's "The Merchant of Venice" | Owlcation, What was Venice's reputation among the major cities of the world during the Elizabethan period and its stance towards people of different cultures. His speech was directed against those who thought Venice could gain wealth from wars in Lombardy, and extolled on the other hand the high prosperity brought by peace. The way in which Shakespeare humiliates the Christian characters and Shylock using the same method portrays them as both equals which was unheard of in Elizabethan times. [19] Salt being very important, for it was needed to preserve food… So, these boatmen claim our attention as the first people who found a way of making a living in this mixture of mud and water. Finally, subsidence. In the partition, Venice obtained what she wanted: 3/8 of the territories of the former Byzantine Empire: mainly islands or naval bases along the route to the eastern markets, so as to form an almost uninterrupted chain from the Lagoon to the Black Sea, thus establishing conditions of near-monopoly on the trade with the East. If you only knew how everyone hates you, your hair would stand on end! Women of 16th Century Venice The Counter-Reformation played a major role in defining the role and status of Italian women during the sixteenth century. [11] The battle to control the city of Brescia fought on Lake Garda is quite remarkable: Venetian galleys were rowed through the rivers and then with 120 oxen to a galley, pulled over hills to reach the lake. With Christianity it became the time when confessions were made in preparation for Lent. During the Renaissance the sex trade could be found throughout Europe, but the Venetian sex industry was particularly infamous. The Byzantine Emperor was deposed and the territory of the Empire was divided among the crusaders. [11], Elizabethan Dyes and Fabric Colors The Dye Woorkes Medieval & Renaissance dyeing recipes & manuscripts. Christopher Moore combines The Merchant of Venice and Othello in his 2014 comic novel The Serpent of Venice, in which he makes Portia (from The Merchant of Venice ) and Desdemona (from Othello ) sisters. Upper Class – The Upper Class, as the name implies, is the finest class of the social society that enjoys maximum power and monetary liberty in the Venice social society.This populace has the highest position in the Venetian social hierarchy. Basically, a policy of public relations to promote the Myth of a glorious state whose force was still to be reckoned with. As Venetians, we have grown used to acqua alta. When this play was first performed and it came to the point where the bond was being agreed Shylock says, "I hate him for he is a Christian" this would have only backed up what a Christian audience in the Elizabethan times thought of Jews as a whole. At this stage the lagoon area was unquestionably considered part of the Byzantine Empire, governed by military officials representing Byzantine suzerainty. The truth in fact was disguised by the old Venetians keen to establish the Myth of their original independence. Firstly, as you can see on this slide the industries were accommodated on a portion of land which had to be reclaimed, quite vast as you can see, so that space to contain the mass of water flowing in the lagoon has been reduced (the effect is similar to throwing a stone in a basin). [8] The Congress of Vienna in 1815 reassigned Venice to Austria. In his 1597 play, The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare wrote a comedy about the greed of one Jew, Shylock. In 1637 the S. Canciano Theater performed Europe’s first opera before a paying public. One of the last shots of the film also brings attention to the fact that, as a convert, Shylock would have been cast out of the Jewish community in Venice, no longer allowed to live in the ghetto. 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